Information Technology and Recent Changes in Work Organization

Questions: 1. Scope management plan( including Requirements, In scope-out scope items, Deliverables and scope verification process) to direct your efforts. 2. WBS first using either the free-form or the org chart format. 3. Gantt chart-Take the WBS you have already developed.Define all of the activities that will be necessary to create each deliverable in your WBS.Create a schedule for your project.First create the schedule by hand using Post-it Notes, and then put the information into MS Project.Take screenshots of the schedule to be pasted ni your word document that you are submitting. Be sure to include all of the summary rows (including the first row for the project title) and any key milestones.Make sure the critical path is easy to see. 4. Create a time-phased budget for your example project using bottom-up estimating.To the extent your sponsor will supply rates for workers, use those.Approximate rates for ones you cannot get.Ask your sponsor how they treat indirect costs.Be sure to include direct labour costs for you and your team mates and add 20% for fringe.State all assumptions and constraints you have used when creating your budget.State how confident you are in your estimates and what would make you more confident.Give examples of known knowns and known unknowns on your project.Tell how you have budgeted for both of them plus how you have budgeted for unknown unknowns. Answers: Introduction: The objective of the Grand Wines Ltd. Company is to transform the business tactics of Grand Wines Enterprise from manual to automatic system. The current working tactics of the organization is facing problem of dissatisfaction, loss of stock, delay in delivery of the product, inaccuracy, and many others. The transformation of working practice is needed for the betterment of company. The Grand Wines is looking forward to change its working tactics so that it can remain ahead of its competitors in gaining accuracy in collecting orders from the customers, speed of delivery of products, knowing about current details of availability of ordered stock, and bring satisfaction in customers and employers. The Stakeholders of the project are the persons who are keen interested in the outcome of installing the new automatic system, performance of the project, and the requirement of developing strategy for the organization to meet the changing requirements. The primary stakeholders are categorise d as owners, customers, sponsors, designers, project leader, project manager, and contractors (Johnsons, 2015). The persons who are involved in the sub-contracting and supply chain process are come under the category of secondary stakeholders. In the current working system of Grand wines enterprise, the information between customers and the organization is shared through email and fax but now the company wants to change its working tactics with the installation of wireless data entry devices which provides direct communication between customers and the central database server located at Sidney. The purpose of the communication is gaining accuracy in collecting orders from the customers, speed of delivery of products, knowing about current details of availability of ordered stock, and brings satisfaction in customers and employers. For the success of the new project, the key step for the project manager is to overcome the hindrance which takes place with the changing objectives. It i s better to remain proactive than reactive. The employees should understand that it is the desired requirement of the organization to remain ahead of their competitors (Kraus, 2013). The agenda of the meeting is to divide the roles and responsibilities of the employees, to make aware about the new technology which is going to be placed within the organization, training and development programs needed, and many others. In scope Activities Out of Scope activities Assumption Acceptance Criteria New customer can join if the current system changes with the Automatic portal. Increasing Local and overseas demand of the product New path for government regulations Leads to increase in the profit of the organization. Accurate information about availability of stock may leads to increase in delivery speed (Joe, 2014) New entrance in the local market Current market competition No entry of sale in the database may result in wrong profit details at the end of the financial year Security issues may be the concern The Grand Wines is looking forward to change its working tactics so that it can remain ahead of its competitors in gaining accuracy in collecting orders from the customers, speed of delivery of products, knowing about current details of availability of ordered stock, and bring satisfaction in customers and employers. No requirement of physical meeting for gathering information. No new employees should be recruited for working on the new system Large, active, knowledgeable sales team and possess the expertise in Automatic working tactics The success of the project depends on the capability of the new and automatic system such as delivery of the product without any delay, latest update of inventory position, no loss of orders due to human errors, and to overcome the dissatisfaction in employees. These criteria help in resolving the problems faced by the organization by making use of current system (Vaughan, 2011). Work Breakdown Structure: The work breakdown structure for the Grand wines organization in divided into four modules which are categorised as planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Every module is equipped with sub-activities (Gagnon, 2012). Planning module is having creation of committee, goals, and strategies. The analysis module is concentrate on analysis of the current system and changes required in the new system. The design module focuses on development of business module, customer module, and employees module (Mirwis, 2011). Implementation phase focuses on parallel running and pilot running of wireless data entry system. Particulars Budget (AWD) Hardware 20000 Software 15000 Installation 8000 Testing 12000 Miscellaneous 5000 Total Budget 60000 Risk Register: Risk Register Explanation Unproved Technology of wireless data entry system The employees are not able to use all function of the system to its full extent Defects encountered in System The new system does not work properly due to having some defects in it Inefficiency encountered in technology The new system is inefficient in resolving all the problems of manual system Grad wines enterprise Compatibility of Hardware and software used The new devices and software are not compatible with the traditional resources of the company. Inefficient documentation The actual working of the system is totally different from the documentation Incapable employees Employees are not capable of learning new working environment with the implementation of Wireless data entry system. Conclusion: The transformation of working practice is needed for the betterment of company. For the success of the new project, the key step for the project manager is to overcome the hindrance which takes place with the changing objectives. It is better to remain proactive than reactive (Bresnahan, 2015). References: Johnsons, S. (2015). How are working requirements and environment evolving and what will be the impact on individual.(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/461437/gs-15-25-future-ageing-work-environments-er18.pdf Kraus, W. (2013).Implementing New technology(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1985/11/implementing-new-technology Bresnahan, T. (2015).Information technology and recent changes in work organization (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.521.2458rep=rep1type=pdf Gagnon, Y. (2012).The impact of technology on organization performance (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1047/01aa8d4f0630147eb212af09cc7198b8f466.pdf Mirwis, P. (2011).The implementation and adoption of new technology in organization (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.3930300107/abstract Vaughan, P. (2011). System implementation success factors (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/cmr0122.pdf Joe, A. (2014).Five trends that are dramatically changing work and workplaces (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://rdi-sf.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/WP_FiveTrends.pdf

Nucleon, Inc. Recommendations and Justifications of Phases I, II, and III

In the first phase, Nucleon undertook to build a pilot facility to produce the Cell Regulating Protein 1 (CRP-1). It was noted that the company did not have immediate personnel to sustain the functionality of the facility, such as quality assurance, logistics and repairs. This is despite the fact that the company worked with scholars in the field that the facility would serve.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Nucleon, Inc.: Recommendations and Justifications of Phases I, II, and III specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other risk was that if the clinical trial failed, the plant would not generate the other products immediately. This manufacturing facility was not yet ready to engage in most of the products (Roy 8). It is recommended that the company carries out a gap analysis on the goal, facility and implementation of its projects (International Facility Management Association 6). This will enable the compan y to plan for the possibilities of failed trials or technical mishaps in its projected functions. A gap analysis would reveal the capacity of Nucleon Inc. in terms of human resources and the means of developing on-job skills. The analysis will determine the difference between the actual potential of the company and its ideal potential (International Facility Management Association 6). It is also recommended that Nucleon determines the time that it would require to set up the facility, in addition to the time required to recruit and train the personnel of the designated responsibilities (International Facility Management Association 6). This would require working with the existing experts in a different facility and using strategic simulations. After all, the contract option would require a company with such expertise and personnel (Roy 9). In contraction, Nucleon should have a selective approach by agreeing with the potential contractor on the level of information disclosure. It sho uld be recommended that for every level of information disclosure, the prospective contractor should make a corresponding commitment to the program (Kirk 202). It is also recommended that the company considers the limits within which it may engage in legal battles, in case of a breach of contract. The other costs may arise in form of monitoring and evaluation and transactional fees (Kirk 202).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third phase of the CRP-1 project would involve licensing the product to another company. Roy observes that Nucleon would have numerous benefits in form of money, reduced costs of production, and marketing (Roy 10). It is recommended that Nucleon should license the product to another company. This would allow the company to concentrate on strengthening its technology and thus, promoting innovation (Friedman 285). However, Nucleon Inc. must put in place measures to ensure that the licensed company operates within the agreement. Licensing would also allow the company to prepare for more complex and capital demanding projects. The pilot facility would cost Nucleon about $7.394 million and the estimated cost of the clinical trial was $4.795 million. The estimated gross sales would be $53.7 million, $99.5 million, $125 million, $130 million, and $150 million in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 respectively (Roy 15). To determine the net value of the project, the company and its stakeholders must establish the monetary costs in the three phases. Some of the parameters to include are the cost of approval, the costs of material and facility, and the costs of training personnel. The non-monetary costs may include the costs of improving the technology, environmental factors and the average time of preparation and piloting (Stewart 7-8). The value of the project increases with the approval of each phase. This should be determined over time in phase 1, 2 and 3 (Stewart 11). Although the valuation is done per stage, it is vital to factor in the risks of the project. The risk-adjusted cash flow is explained in an empirical formulation or in qualitative parameters of various operations (Stewart 10). Works Cited Friedman, Yale, Intellectual property and biotechnology innovation: To protect or not to protect 15.4: 285-286. 2009. Print. International Facility Management Association, Strategic Facility Planning: A white paper. Houston, TX: IFMA. 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Nucleon, Inc.: Recommendations and Justifications of Phases I, II, and III specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kirk, Dorothy, Selecting University technology Transfer Modes: An examination of Biotechnology Firms’ Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal of technology management and innovation 8.2: 189-208. 2013. Print. Roy, Raja â€Å"Nucleon, Inc.† Ha rvard Business School 692.41 (1994): 1-16. Print. Stewart, Jeffrey, Biotechnology valuations for the 21st Century. Milkens Institute 17.2: 1- 12. 2002. Print. This case study on Nucleon, Inc.: Recommendations and Justifications of Phases I, II, and III was written and submitted by user Cassidy Vinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Example of Writing a Small Business Essay Essays

Example of Writing a Small Business Essay Essays Example of Writing a Small Business Essay Paper Example of Writing a Small Business Essay Paper Nowadays, the 21st century is the one who makes everything possible. If you have an idea, and some money you can realize it in several days. Small business can occur everywhere, and we can base it on each thing, topic, idea we have in the world. Starting a small business is never easy. Small business owners are more often to be in the trap than any others. They usually feel like they are under pressure and liars are everywhere. Well, it is for such owners to get diseases and heart attacks. Do you need it? Luckily you are in the proper place where you can find goods and services that will help you to make the best plan ever. Our service can help with writing almost every type of business plans which exist in the world. We cooperate with professionals who rather than in word know how to do business. To choose the appropriate affair that will bring the profit and pleasure, it is a very difficult task. You have to evaluate your skills, knowledge, and tastes. We highly recommend you to use self-assessment as it is the way to overcome difficulties and gain success. While running the business each person should know the answer to the question â€Å"Am I experienced enough to start my affair?† We should have the rich chain of different personal characteristics to correspond to the strict requirements. Business financial plan We cannot complete the financial forecast in sequence. And you most likely wont present it in the final document in the same sequence you compile the figures and documents. Let’s look at several important details you need to know about making a financial plan. A small essay is a very important thing; you have to think very wisely while writing it. And remember – this is just a typical plan, it might not fit your business as well, you will need to overwatch some positions, or add some more. Start with a sales forecast Set up a spreadsheet projecting your sales over the course of three years. Set up different sections for different lines of sales and columns for every month for the premier year and either on a monthly or quarterly basis for the second and third years.   If its a new product or a new line of business, you have to make an educated guess. The best way to do that is to look at past results. All other small businesses can show you in their example of what is good to do, and what is better not to be done. Create an expenses budget Youre going to need to understand how much its going to cost you to make the sales you have forecast. You have to differentiate between fixed costs (rent and payroll) and variable costs (most advertising and promotional expenses) because its a good thing for a business to know. We recommend you go with simple math. Multiply estimated profits times your best-guess tax percentage rate to estimate taxes. And then multiply your estimated debts balance times an estimated interest rate to estimate interest. Income projections This is your ‘pro forma’ profit and loss statement, detailing forecasts for your business for the coming three years. Use the numbers that you put in your sales forecast, expense projections, and cash flow statement. Business marketing plan Well, what’s next? After you ask for some help, we will make a marketing plan that is an important part of the plan. Our owner-manager knows for sure how to make a good and strong essay. It explains how youre going to get your customers to buy your products or services.  The marketing plan, then, will include sections detailing your: 1.Products or Services and your  Unique Selling Proposition If you are looking for some information on this site, then the next information will help you. Use these questions to write a paragraph summarizing these aspects for your marketing plan: What is the main feature of your service? Physical characteristics that can be the basis for the following investigation. What will be the benefit of your product?  · Small business depends on the desire of the owner to become better. Remember that benefits can be intangible as well as tangible; for instance, if youre  selling  a cleaning product, your customers will benefit by having a cleaner house, but they may also benefit by enjoying better health.  Brainstorm  as many benefits as possible to begin with  and then choose to emphasize the benefits that your  targeted customers  will most appreciate in your marketing plan. What is it that sets your product or service apart from all the rest? In other words, what is your  Unique Selling Proposition, the message you want your customers to receive about your product or service that is the heart of your marketing? Marketing plans are all about communicating this central message to your customers. 2.Pricing Strategy Being reasonable is key; you can charge any price you want to, but for every product or service theres a limit to how much the consumer is willing to pay. Your pricing strategy needs to take this consumer threshold into account. Many small businesses usually fail after making unreasonable prices, so think wisely. 3.Distribution Plan Remember, the primary goal of the marketing plan is to get people to buy your products or services. Traditionally there are three parts to the Distribution section, although all three parts may not apply to your business, that is why it is better to talk to the expert to find what will be important for you. 4.Advertising and promotions This section of the marketing plan describes how youre going to deliver your Unique Selling Proposition to your prospective customers. While there are thousands of different promotion avenues available to you, what distinguishes a successful plan from an unsuccessful one is the focus and thats what your Unique Selling Proposition provides. Think first of the message that you want to send to your targeted audience. Our writing service can do all that job instead of you, the only thing you need is to text us. To sum it up, we want to recommend you visiting our essay writing service – https://paperap.com/ it will help with everything you need. No matter what is it – start up plan, nonprofit business plan, entrepreneur business plan, business continuity plan, business plan development or preparing a business plan. We can handle each part of the work. Just text us and get your ready work back. Sounds easy? Then don’t hesitate and act!

Devil's Knot by Mara Leveritt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Devil's Knot by Mara Leveritt - Essay Example hin the book entitled â€Å"Devil Knot: The True Story of the West Memphis Three.† In the first half of the book, readers are given an in depth look at Jesse Miskelley’s trial specifically, and from the evidence provided, the verdict returned by the jury does not appear to be correct. Although some elements of the crime remain shrouded in mystery, there are certain aspects that all parties regard as factual. The murders of three eight year old boys—Christopher Byers, Michael Moore, and Stevie Branch—occurred on May 5, 1993(Leveritt, 6). The details of the crime were particularly gruesome as the boys were found naked, beaten, hogtied with shoelaces, and floating in a bank within the Robin Hood Hills(Leveritt, 11-12). One of the boys was missing parts of their genitals, and it appeared that the primary cause of death was drowning. The murder shocked the close-knit, largely religious community, and there was a lot of pressure on the local police to find the murderers as quickly as possible. After a few leads that did not go very far, the police began to focus on the idea of a gang or cult perhaps having committed or been involved with the murder. This idea quickly took shape due to the disturbing nature of the crime. Additionally, in 1993, there was a certain kind of satanic panic spreading across the United States. Leveritt states, â€Å"By the late 1980s, interest in the suspected prevalence of satanic ritual abuse, or SRA, as it became known, had grown so intense in the United States†(Leveritt, 44). Basically, anyone who dressed in black, listened to heavy metal music, or was in any other way an outsider, was seen as someone who could potentially be involved with satanism. Ultimately, it was a combination of the crime and the satanic panic that pointed the police in the direction of three teenagers: Damien Echols, Jason Baldwin, and Jesse Miskelley. Although these boys were initially suspected due to their odd behavior and dress, there was not really

The campaign of Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The campaign of Martin Luther King - Essay Example Among the issues mentioned above, prompting the campaign, there were others like the acceptance of all citizens to public schools regardless of their skin color. To lead the campaign, Dr. Luther King had been invited by the leader for local civil rights in the Birmingham area. A boycott had preceded every action, so as to bring the attention of the business community on movements’ goals. Dr. King was ready to lead this movement, majorly for his most heartfelt agony. To him, he was a leader who was more than ready to walk the talk and the sufferings of the already full jails’ victims drove him forward even the more.  Dr. Martin Luther King was through with debate and this campaign presented a chance to bring about change that was deeply sought. To this, he had turned up to honor the invitation in hill full outfit for the march. The leader was prepared to go to prison for the struggle for civil rights. He eventually ended up in jail for this movement and it was from the re that he did a popular piece of work â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† The letter was addressed to clergymen from Birmingham of white descent who formed a group of cynics labeling him an agitator from outside.  To offer a direct answer to the first study question, then, it can be taken that from King’s words that the Birmingham undertakings were headed for success and would eventually be a story of achieved freedom, not directly but as a step towards it. This nonviolent approach to the African American’s oppression was a sure way of achieving a win-win situation.... To offer a direct answer to the first study question, then, it can be taken that from King’s words that the Birmingham undertakings were headed for success and would eventually be a story of achieved freedom, not directly but as a step towards it. This nonviolent approach to the African American’s oppression was a sure way of achieving a win-win situation both for the oppressor as well as the ones oppressed. It would give an end of an ultimate healing for both sides. The most essential of this nonviolent move of seeking freedom for the African Americans was in the inclusion of freedom songs as well. The slaves were better placed to use this way of realizing their freedom and this was the case in the movements in this context. According to the sentiments by Dr. King in this book, the Birmingham case was not one of the easiest. It was really difficult, but it offered a scenario of a light at the end of the tunnel. Therefore, considering the words by King as written in thi s book they were optimistic and they aided in successful breaking of the chains binding black Americans in slavery. This is as per the letter dated January 1964 and which was done by Martin Luther King Jr. Cotton, Dorothy puts it in his book that a similar scenario of success can be achieved in the current day’s predicaments of social justice. A struggle of the same magnitude would frog-jump the nation’s situation into an ideal one. The movement happened in the setting in of year 1963 and it focused on Negro freedom among other things, which was achieved later. Mistreatment involving blacks working in the mines, blistering foundries and upon the docks was waved goodbye. Thus, this Birmingham’s case of struggle presents a

Benefits of Activity Based Costing Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Activity Based Costing Essay In order to make a profit on production, the firm would have to charge a price that is greater than the cost of production. Generally, the cost of production is understood to be the cost of producing a good plus the cost of transportation to the consumer. In order to stay in business, and therefore, to avoid losses at all possible costs – the firm must cover all costs related to the production of the good and include all costs to deliver the same to the consumer at a price that is higher than the cost of production. The operating or overheard expenses of an enterprise are generated by its activities to perform its business and/or manufacturing processes successfully. As its name implies, activity based costing relates the costs facing the enterprise to its various activities. By so doing, this system of costing provides pretty accurate information about costs, allowing businesses to effectively manage their overhead expenses in order to increase their revenues (Cooper, 1988). It is but commonsensical that companies may work on cutting their costs once they know what is driving these costs. By improving their processes in order to cut costs, businesses may realize greater profits than before. What is more, by identifying high costing activities needed to produce certain goods or serve certain customers, companies may decide to focus instead on low costing products or customers by reducing their production of or service to high costing products or customers. In this way, they may shift their focus to products or customers that are more profitable to produce or to serve. Thus, management experts cite the following benefits of activity based costing as opposed to traditional methods of costing: Identifying the most and least profitable customers, products and channels. Determine the true contributors to— and detractors from—financial performance. Accurately predict costs, profits and resource requirements associated with changes in production volumes, organizational structure and resource costs. Easily identify the root causes of poor financial performance. Track costs of activities and work processes. Equip managers with cost intelligence to drive improvements. Facilitate better Marketing Mix. Enhance the bargaining power with the customer. Achieve better Positioning of products. (â€Å"Activity Based Costing,† 2008). Businesses that benefit the most from activity based costing are those with high manufacturing operating expenses or overhead costs. These costs may result from a diverse range or products, intensity of capital, or vertically integrated system of manufacturing. Activity based costing may help such businesses not only to understand but also to control their operating expenses so as to increase their revenues (O’Guin, 1991, p. 76). Organizations with large marketing, sales or distribution costs may also reap great benefits from activity based costing. As mentioned previously, this method of costing identifies those customers that are most profitable from those that are least profitable. This provides insight to management on how to improve operations. With activity based costing, such businesses may be able to answer questions such as: â€Å"What discounts are appropriate for large orders? What size accounts should salespersons no longer call on? How effective is advertising to different markets? † (O’Guin, p. 76). Firms that are experiencing sluggish or low profitability on increasing sales may be suffering from growth that is unmanaged. It may very well be that these businesses are selling products at losses to a number of customers. The accounting system of accurately measuring costs, that is, activity based costing, would allow these firms to determine which of their customers and products are generating revenues and which are not (O’Guin, p. 76). O’Guin describes another benefit of the activity based costing system thus: Even with a diverse product line or customer base and very high profitability, a company lacking an ABC system is surprisingly vulnerable. Product profitability probably varies widely across the company. Highly profitable products present an irresistible target to new market entrants. Management should know which products are reaping enormous margins, so they can erect barriers to entry. (p. 76). Also according to O’Guin, the activity based costing system provides not only strategic but also tactical benefits to businesses that implement it. Whereas benefits that are strategic in nature may be realized only once in a blue moon, for the simple reason that organizations cannot be expected to change their pricing, business operations, distribution or manufacturing processes each year – tactical benefits may be realized constantly. Indeed, activity based costing could help businesses not only with reduction of overhead costs, but also just-in-time support, improvement of quality, decisions about design, and investment in capital. Thus, businesses that implement the activity based costing system may improve their profitability on an ongoing basis (O’Guin, p. 76). In the twenty first century, companies that have a competitive edge are those that maintain flexibility, a trend that has been recognized as a critical factor for success since the 1990s. Life cycles of products have been shortened and focus on the customer has become increasingly important. As economies of scale virtually disappear, manufacturing plants that are successful are those that are able to quickly introduce innovative products and economically produce small quantities. Activity based costing system can help businesses tremendously to achieve these goals. What is more, this system of costing could assist businesses of the twenty first century to achieve their goal to increase employee motivation. With the activity based costing system in place, employees increase their understanding of business activities and therefore their involvement in business operations. So, for example, whenever they see a mound of papers they would see overhead costs, leading them to the following questions: Why do we have so many bills? Why are there so many process involved in our purchase orders (O’Guin, p. 76)? Thus, the activity based costing system encourages businesses to push their rates of cost drivers down. This helps in the reduction of time to setup, streamlines buying, in addition to time taken to development a product. When costs are attached to each of these processes or activities, management may not only measure but also plan improvement (O’Guin, p. 76). As mentioned before, some of these improvements may entail reducing production of goods or service to customers that cost more to produce or service than the others. Hence, the activity based costing system may also lead the business that implements it to improve upon its marketing mix or positioning of its products. If products and customers that cost more than the others are required by the company to produce or serve in the same quantity as before, however, activity based costing system helps the organization to improve its processes in order to decrease its costs without reducing the quantity to produce or serve. After all, it is only possible to improve inefficient processes. Because activity based costing allows the company to weigh the costs of activities against their benefits, firms that use it are in a great position to increase the efficiency of all of their processes so as to gain competitive advantages. References Activity Based Costing. (2008). Value Based Management. Retrieved Jan 27, 2009, from http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_abc. html. Cooper, R. (1988, Summer). The Rise of Activity-Based Costing – Part One: What is an Activity-Based Cost System? Journal of Cost Management, pp. 45-54. O’Guin, M. C. (1991). The Complete Guide to Activity-based Costing. Chicago, IL: CCH Tax and Accounting.

Method Of Communication And Different Uses Of Communication Essay

Method of Communication and Different Uses of Communication With the development of civilization and written languages came the need for more frequent and reliable methods of communication allowing messages to reach longer distances. This was essential to the control of trade and other affairs between nations and empires.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early man used cave walls as the media on which messages could be transcribed, this was common for many years, until the Egyptians discovered a special kind of rush (Papyrus) that could be woven to form a portable writing material. In about 105AD the Chinese discovered a way to make a similar substance from wood pulp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the next few centuries printing techniques advanced rapidly, especially through the use of steam power. The first typesetting machine, the Linotype, was patented in 1884 by the German-American Ottmar Mergenthaler. In the meantime, postal services and moved from being privately to nationally owned, and long distance postal services became an affordable option. For the first time, an ordinary person could correspond with people in other countries. A visual semaphore system was also implemented in both Europe and the United States, providing a way of ‘echoing' messages nationally via large towers placed in strategic positions; however this proved slow as each method had to be verified to ensure message accuracy. Following the discovery and partial understanding of electricity in t...